International Journal of Control and Automation

Efficient Channel Estimation and Detection Techniques for MIMO-OFDM Receivers Using ESPAR Antenna with Low-Complexity

2023-06-14T16:35:46+00:00

Receivers that use multiple input, multiple output orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM) alongside an electronically steerable passive array radiator (ESPAR) antenna is capable of incresing diversity gain while enhance bit error rate (BER) performance without adding more radio-frequency (RF) front-end circuits. In this technique, the channel state information is obtained by applying a minimum-mean-square-error channel estimator. However, due to the inverse matrix calculation, it has a high computational cost and poor estimation accuracy. For the MIMO-OFDM receiver with an ESPAR antenna, employing low-complexity compressed-sensing-based channel estimation has been suggested in this article. We also provide a simple detection method to further cut down on the computation needed for the detection. According to the simulation findings, the suggested channel estimation approach improves BER performance while reducing complexity. The simulations also demonstrate that the suggested detection method appropriately lowers the necessary computational expense yet minimising BER damage. Low-complexity compressed-sensing based channel estimate for the MIMO-OFDM receiver with an ESPAR antenna is the major goal of this procedure. To further lower the computing cost needed for the detection, a low-complexity detection strategy has also been discovered.

Comparative Analysis of Modulation Techniques in LTE: A Ber Study of Conventional and Wavelet-Based OFDM

2023-06-14T16:44:50+00:00

The Long Term Evolution communication mechanism uses two primary techniques: Multiple Input and Multiple Output (MIMO) and Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM). As opposed to Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM), which uses just one carrier, the OFDM system employs several carriers and offers a better level of spectral efficiency. Due to the loss of subcarrier orthogonality, there are issues with the OFDM systems such intersymbol interference and intercarrier interference. Before the signal enters the channel, a cyclic prefix is appended in an attempt to avert this issue. By including the cyclic prefix data, which consumes 20% of the bandwidth, As a result, the bandwidth's inefficiency is increased. When trying to address it, Wavelet-based OFDM offers high orthogonality, and Bit Error Rate (BER) is enhanced with its use. Spectrum efficiency is boosted by the wavelet-based system's lack of cyclic prefix. In place of Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT)-based OFDM in LTE, it is suggested that wavelet-based OFDM be used. The BER performance of wavelets and DFT-based OFDM has been compared.

Enhancing PAPR Reduction in 5G Systems: A Novel Precoding Approach for UF-OFDM and Filtered-OFDM Modulations

2023-06-14T16:50:14+00:00

For both the UF-OFDM and the F-OFDM situations in this intended system, a precoding-based PAPR reduction strategy is suggested. In this system, the precoding procedure uses the ZadoffChu Transform. The precoding method is applied after the QAM modulation of the input bit stream. Following the inverse discrete Fourier transform on the data streams for UF-OFDM, filtering is then used. Data are sent across the channel when a Chebyshev filtering procedure is completed. In comparison to Butterworth filters, Chebyshev filters have a steeper roll-off and higher passband ripple or stopband ripple.With certain ripples in the passband, Chebyshev filters have the feature of minimising the difference between the idealised and real filter characteristics across the filter's range. In addition, the data are modulated for the F-OFDM process before being subjected to the spectrum shaping filter after performing the inverse discrete Fourier transform and obtaining the cyclic prefix. Here, the AWGN channel is the channel under consideration. The reverse processes are then carried out. Additionally, the BER, PAPR, and IAPR are dependent on the output produced when evaluating performance.

Enhanced Distributed Relay Selection Algorithm for Collaborative Wireless Sensor Networks Using Fuzzy Logic

2023-06-14T16:54:03+00:00

Relay selection is a method that significantly improves cooperative communications performance. In this research, we offer a novel fuzzy logic-based relay selection technique that targets both end-to-end performance and network longevity. The new method runs independently at each node and is dispersed, thus a central entity is not needed for intricate coordination. The relay-destination link's channel status and battery's remaining energy are taken into account by the procedure. In comparison to the opportunistic (throughput focused) as well as random (lifetime focused) selection algorithms, it is demonstrated that the suggested system may transmit a greater quantity of information during the network lifespan, hence enhancing the network utility.

Advanced Methods for Minimizing Pilot Overhead in Sparse Channel Estimation for Massive MIMO Systems

2023-06-14T16:58:22+00:00

There are various difficulties in doing downlink beam formation with the current high gain frequency division duplex (FDD) Massive multiple-input, multiple-output (MIMO) systems. In particular, downlink beam formation necessitates a channel estimate that often necessitates extensive training and feedback overhead, scaling with the base station's (BS) number of antennas. Assuring overhead reduction that is proportionate to the channel's level of sparsity, we use compressive sensing (CS) methods to properly estimate the channel. Through the suggested dictionary design, which is more adaptable, reliable, and capable of estimating the cell properties, the sparse virtual channel representation is created. We pay particular attention to huge MIMO- CS algorithms to determine which one works best with the suggested dictionary architecture. Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM) systems that exhibit greater resistance to multipath fading. The fundamental pursuit bound is approached by greedy solutions with less complexity and a correspondingly shorter training duration, according to numerical data. With respect of performance complexity trade-off, the greedy algorithm with the best results is the normalised hard thresholding pursuit (NHTP) method.

Enhancing Spectrum Efficiency in Quasi-Constant Envelope OFDM for Improved Performance

2023-06-14T17:03:29+00:00

Constant envelope OFDM (CE-OFDM) is a potential technology in coherent optical communication because it benefits from having a low peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR). However, the applicability of CE-OFDM is constrained since Its spectrum efficiency is just 50% as efficient as conventional coherent optical OFDM. A novel in-phase/quadrature (I/Q) modulator, quasi-constant envelope OFDM (Quasi-CE-OFDM) arrangement was put forth. To further minimise computation complexity and eliminate phase ambiguity, a phase demodulation approach relied upon Taylor series expansion is implemented. According to simulation findings, the suggested system may effectively increase spectrum efficiency without sacrificing the benefit of high nonlinearity tolerance. Comparing Quasi-CE-OFDM's performance in the context of nonlinearity to PM-CE-OFDM, RF-CE-OFDM, also Con-CO-OFDM. Every OFDM systems employ the same number of subcarriers for data transmission, the length of an OFDM symbol, the overhead and the data rate to allow one to compare performance in an honest and equitable manner.

An Evaluation of Channel Estimation in Mobile OFDM Systems Using OMP: A Performance Analysis

2023-06-14T17:10:11+00:00

We propose an analytical framework that introduces 4 normalized mean-square-errors (NMSEs) for assessing the performance of a system: total NMSE (NMSET), NMSE on dominant channel components (NMSED), NMSE caused by 'lost errors' (NMSEL), & NMSE caused by 'false alarms' (NMSEF). To establish an upper-bound for NMSED under optimal conditions, we derive a closed-form formula (NMSED;UB). The key findings derived from our analytical model reveal that the deterministic pilot pattern, maximum Doppler shift, quantity of dominant multipath components, and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) collectively influence NMSED;UB. When the probability of success for Orthogonal Matching Pursuit (OMP) exceeds a specific threshold, NMSED;UB can serve as an approximation of the practical NMSE (NMSET). Additionally, leveraging suggested NMSED;UB, linear regression models demonstrate promising capability in predicting actual bit-error-rate performance. Consequently, our suggested model offers a valuable tool for adaptively optimizing pilot parameters in mobile Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) systems, aligning with rapidly changing channel conditions.

Efficient Carrier Frequency Offset Estimation for CO-OFDM Using the Matched Filter Approach

2023-06-14T17:15:30+00:00

This research introduces a unique procedure for estimating carrier frequency offset (CFO) in coherent optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (CO-OFDM) systems by applying a unique matching filter (MF). To perform the estimation, the receiver acquires N time-samples of the received CO-OFDM signal, corresponding to an OFDM symbol with N subcarriers. By applying the discrete Fourier transform to these LN samples, we calculate the CO-OFDM symbol spectrum at LN discrete frequency points. The receiver may now determine the hypothesised value that most closely resembles the spectrum of the CO-OFDM symbol received from the channel to produce the maximum likelihood (ML) CFO estimate. The most crucial information in this book is that the DA MF ML method is able to perform full-range (integral plus fractional portion) CFO estimation with good accuracy, whereas the BL MF ML approach solely focuses on fractional CFO estimate and has low computational complexity. To illustrate the estimate error variance for 16-PSK/QAM modulations, we analyse the complexity as well as effectiveness of this MF ML technique also give simulation data.

Revolutionizing American Sign Language Recognition: Deeparslr's Signer-Independent Deep Learning Framework for Isolated Gestures

2023-06-16T09:29:00+00:00

The vast spectrum of hand gesture recognition's applications in robotics, gaming, virtual reality, sign language, and human-computer interface has garnered a lot of academic interest. The most efficient form of communication for those who have hearing loss is sign language, an organised system of hand gestures. However, there are three major obstacles to the creation of an effective sign language recognition system: hand segmentation, representation of hand form features, and gesture sequence recognition, particularly for dynamic solo motions. The incorporation of color-based hand segmentation algorithms, manual feature extraction for the representation of hand forms, and Hidden Markov Models (HMM) for sequence identification are the traditional methods for recognising sign language. This study introduces a novel framework for signer-independent sign language recognition that integrates a number of deep learning architectures, including hand semantic segmentation, hand form feature representation, and deep recurrent neural networks. The system extracts hand areas from each frame of the input video using the recently created semantic segmentation method DeepLabv3+. The retrieved hand portions are afterwards cropped and shrunk to a set size to lessen variances in hand scale. To learn how to extract hand form data, a single-layer Convolutional Self-Organizing Map (CSOM) is used rather than transfer learning from pre-trained deep convolutional neural networks. Deep Bi-directional Long Short-Term Memory (BiLSTM) recurrent neural networks are then used to recognise the extracted feature vectors in chronological order. Three BiLSTM layers, one fully linked layer, and two softmax layers make up the BiLSTM network. A demanding database with 23 isolated Arabic sign language phrases recorded from three different users is used to assess the suggested technique. Results from experiments show that the proposed framework works much better than the most current methods for signer-independent testing.

Graph Theory and Network Algorithms for Social Network Analysis

2023-06-16T09:29:56+00:00

Abstract: In order to analyse social networks, graph theory and network algorithms are essential tools. Understanding the intricate architecture and dynamics of social networks has become crucial due to the proliferation of online platforms and the expansion of data availability. The interdisciplinary nature of social network analysis is reflected in the reviewed literature, which includes contributions from computer science, mathematics, physics, and social sciences. It emphasises the significance of taking into account social networks' structural and behavioural features as well as its temporal dynamics and ever-evolving nature.It is clear from reading the cited publications that scholars have made considerable advancements in their understanding of social network analysis. To meet the obstacles offered by massive, real-world social networks, they have put forth creative algorithms, created fresh procedures, and introduced workable solutions. These studies also highlight the value of network research across a range of fields, including communication networks, organisational networks, and online social platforms.The results of this literature evaluation provide practitioners and researchers in the field of social network analysis with useful information. They give insights into cutting-edge procedures and algorithms, assisting in the choice and use of the most effective methods for analysing and deciphering social network data. The publications that have been examined add to the body of knowledge in graph theory and network algorithms for social network analysis, laying the groundwork for future developments in this quickly developing area.

Design and Development of Realistic Motion Capture Systems for Character Animation

2023-06-16T09:30:37+00:00

The development of motion capture technology has sparked a revolution in the field of character animation. This technology enables more realistic and expressive movement in virtual environments. The purpose of this research study is to investigate the process of designing and developing motion capture systems with the intention of correctly recording and recreating the motion of human subjects. The paper provides an introduction of the various motion capture technologies, discusses the challenges of making convincing character animations, and explores the numerous components of and improvements in motion capture technology. The paper also includes a discussion of potential future paths for boosting the realism and effectiveness of motion capture systems, as well as case examples of successful implementations of these systems.

Investigation of Machine Learning Techniques for Motion Planning and Control in Animation

2023-06-16T09:31:16+00:00

Motion planning and control are crucial components that must be present in animation software if computer-generated characters are to move in a way that appears natural and realistic. Traditional animation techniques usually make use of manual keyframing, which can be labour- and time-intensive depending on the circumstances. As a direct result of these advancements, there has been a rise in the amount of interest shown in investigating the opportunities presented by machine learning (ML) approaches for the purpose of motion planning and control in animation. This research investigates a variety of machine learning (ML) strategies and their applications in motion planning and control. Particular attention is paid to the methodologies' respective benefits, limitations, and challenges. The results of this research provide valuable information that sheds light on the potential for ML to contribute to the development of animation techniques.

Analysis of Physics-Based Animation for Simulating Natural Phenomena

2023-06-16T09:31:58+00:00

Physics-based animation replicates natural events by correctly and dynamically representing distinct physical behaviours. This research article examines physics-based animation used to imitate natural events, emphasizing accuracy and visual techniques. The study's introduction summaries physics-based animation's use in mimicking natural processes. It emphasizes how important physical property and behaviour modelling is for realistic simulations. Explaining physical models and techniques, including forces, mass, gravity, friction, and other relevant features, improves simulation accuracy. This article examines physics-based animation's compatibility with different visual methods. It discusses how rendering, procedural modelling, character animation, and other approaches can be used with physics-based animation to improve simulation visuals. Using physics-based animation with other methods is also discussed. The paper suggests a method for implementing a physics-based animation system to replicate natural events. The program sets up the simulation environment, computes item motion, handles collisions, and incorporates advanced natural phenomena approaches. This study examines physics-based animation used to replicate natural events. It suggests an implementation strategy and discusses simulation accuracy and integration with other graphics technologies. The pros and cons of physics-based animation suggest new research and development avenues for more accurate and compelling representations of natural phenomena.

Design and Optimization of Rendering Techniques for High-Quality Animation Production

2023-06-16T09:33:01+00:00

To create visually beautiful and realistic animations, rendering techniques must be designed and optimised. This research develops efficient algorithms and methods for rendering performance and visual fidelity. We also offer a hybrid rendering method that optimizes rendering by combining algorithm strengths. The suggested method, "Hybrid Real-Time Rendering with Adaptive Level of Detail," seeks to produce high-quality animations in real time while dynamically altering the amount of detail based on object complexity and visibility. A block diagram shows asset preparation, rendering optimisation, and image output in rendering technique design and optimisation. We also explore rendering limits such computational complexity, memory needs, and realism-efficiency trade-offs. Through continual research and development, high-quality animation production can continue to push the boundaries and produce fascinating, visually immersive material to audiences.

Investigation of Virtual Reality for Interactive and Immersive Animation Experiences

2023-06-16T09:33:45+00:00

VR creates interactive and immersive animation experiences. This study examines VR in animation to provide an immersive virtual experience. The findings recommend a system design implementation that includes hardware and software, content development, user experience testing, and deployment considerations. The data processing flow diagram shows the investigation's sequential processes: VR input gathering, data processing, animation updates, physics simulation, rendering, and VR experience output. This study underlines VR's role in interactive and immersive animation. 3D modelling, real-time rendering, physics simulation, user interaction, and spatial audio can be used to create immersive VR animations. This study helps develop VR technology for narrative, entertainment, education, and other uses.

Social, Natural and Built Paradigms of Sustainability Using Digital Generation as an Architectural Process

2023-06-16T09:34:34+00:00

As interest in virtual environments and the digital economy grew, so did the popularity of the word "Metaverse," which is now being bandied around in various circles. As advancements in AR, VR, and networking technologies have sped up in recent years, so too has the pace at which the Metaverse is being used in a variety of contexts. It would be a mistake to discount the role of the metaverse in the future of digital architecture, engineering, and building. To cure natural and human systems via design and construction, rather than just lessen the negative impacts of new development, is the goal of regenerative design.

Analyzing the Digital-Green Architecture in Sustainable Development

2023-06-16T09:35:32+00:00

In recent years, sustainability has become a hot subject in a variety of disciplines. The term "green architecture," which also goes by the names "sustainable architecture" and "green building," refers to a set of ideas, a body of knowledge, and an aesthetic approach to construction that prioritizes environmental responsibility. The goal of "green architecture" is to reduce the environmental impact of a building by optimizing its use of energy and other resources throughout the planning, constructing, and usage phases, operation, and maintenance, as well as the amount of pollution and waste generated by the building's materials. In addition to the energy, water, and fresh materials used during the building's life cycle, waste with negative effects on human health and the natural environment is also generated. This article presents BIM applications in design support, drawn from green buildings, and discusses future research directions in this area in an effort to forge a common understanding between the two fields.

Architecture and Identity of Cultural Spaces

2023-06-16T09:36:22+00:00

Architecture is the result of a multifaceted process that is affected by a myriad of factors. Therefore, a multidisciplinary team of professionals is necessary to conduct really exhaustive architectural study. At the Technical University of Vienna (TU Wien), a collection of courses named "Cultural Spaces - Research on Architecture and Identity" has been designed to pique the curiosity of architecture students in conducting their own independent research. Using the 2016 class as an example, this article will outline the research approach that is covered throughout the course of the module. The historic cores of Berat and Gjirokastra, both located in Albania, were the focus of this course. Integrity and individuality in both the community and the built environment are the result of the interplay between culture and identity. In this age of globalization, it is more important than ever to build a skyline that symbolizes a people's culture and history. Such a connection may be used to shape a building into a symbol of one's cultural heritage.

Effect of Climate on Architecture of Building

2023-06-16T09:37:05+00:00

Due to the built-environment's potential to impact global warming, architects will play a crucial role in the near future in creating low-impact structures. In addition to affecting the environment and the structures' energy efficiency, the decisions architects make during the design process may have a profound effect on the built environment. Architects, as the people responsible for shaping the built environment, have a duty to the public to make sure their projects don't wreak havoc on the natural world or stand in the way of sustainability efforts. The study examines the ways in which factors such as a building's orientation, form, shape, height, etc., might affect its environmental effect. The necessity of policy-level involvement to assist architects in their pursuit of sustainable design is also acknowledged. To find environmental solutions that take climate change into account, designers, end-users, and policy-makers must work together.

Vernacular Inspiration as A Key Element Toward Sustainable Architecture

2023-06-16T09:37:58+00:00

In the current research, not only scholars criticize the quality of current architecture and energy consumption in the world, vernacular climate responsive constructions seem to be on appropriate patterns. Consuming technology and material of their own time, these constructions provide their users with environmental comfort conditions along with minimum ecological footprint and energy consumption. In the current research, not only contemporary needs are considered, but also future needs are not forgotten and are tried to be fulfilled by inspiration from vernacular architecture. In conjunction with that, in most of the developing countries, the concept of sustainable architecture is not extensively considered yet, although these countries have a priority for resolving many prevailing problems. While many professionals and scholars criticize the quality of current architecture and energy consumption in the world, vernacular climate responsive constructions seem to be on appropriate patterns. Consuming echnology and material of their own time, these constructions provide their users with environmental comfort conditions along with minimum ecological footprint and energy consumption. Numerous historical traditions and vernacular architectural solutions have shown high levels of environmental and social sustainability with regards to socio-political and economic elements, as well as technological advances. However, in most postmodern revivalist groups, the emphasis was placed on the aesthetic approach and vernacular architectural typologies, with a focus on study of cultural and stylistic authenticity. There is little to no visual distinction between the constructed environments of Mumbai, New York, and Brisbane. Do these aesthetically pleasing buildings also meet the criteria of being environmentally responsible and long-lasting?

Artificial Intelligence in Architecture and its Impact on Design Creativity

2023-06-16T09:38:47+00:00

This research investigates the impact of Artificial Intelligence (AI) on inventiveness in the context of the design process. In order to learn how AI affects designers' ability to think beyond the box, we'll look at how it's being used now and where it's most wanted to be used in Sweden's AEC industry. The Paper adds to our knowledge of how AI and other forms of cutting-edge technology might influence inventiveness in the design process. It analyzed the present structure of the creative process and predicted how AI might alter that structure. It discusses the potential uses of artificial intelligence in the architecture, engineering, and construction industry and how that can impact the design process in the future. Future advancements in architecture and the globe are possible because to AI's ability to improve design outcomes, speed up the design process, and provide suitable solutions.

Identify the Domains of Architectural Research Among Master of Architecture Students

2023-06-16T09:39:37+00:00

One of the most important things that students do all during their time spent learning to be architects is do research. Research skills are a mandatory aspect of the curricula of both undergraduate and graduate programs in architecture across the world. Because the ability to do research and write well may help students develop their capacity for critical analysis, it is clear that these skills are crucial in architectural education. Learning how to effectively do research is also crucial for budding architects who want to improve their problem-solving skills. Research topics are typically chosen and begun by students who know nothing about the topic. Therefore, the breadth of study fields in architecture is mostly unknown. In addition, students often struggle while deciding which research methods to use. Because of this, they frequently struggle to finish their assignments on time. In most cases, students resorted to tried-and-true techniques like simulations and case studies. The results, hopefully, will encourage future architecture students to broaden their horizons and be properly prepared for their own study.

Resilience of Climatic Change and Sustainable Design

2023-06-16T09:40:26+00:00

The ever-shifting global climate drives all of humanity's adaptive measures to lessen the effects of its actions. In the essay, the author emphasizes ‘resilience' in the context of the shift in design methods towards the creation of a material reserve. Adaptation to changing climatic circumstances may be achieved via the study of past occurrences and their causes. In the first section, we will examine how the concept of sustainable development is not often included into the building design process. This demonstrates the destructive effects of human building on the ecosystem, which we share with other species and can understand in the context of the planet's warming. Part 2 explores how to describe the early and final stages of a building's design in terms of its impact on the environment and its role as a city builder. In the last section, the materiality of the building as a whole (its pre-use, operational, and decommissioning phases, as well as its pollutions, embodied energy, embodied carbon, and serviceability) is discussed. Buildings' current and future performance in the face of climate change may be optimized with the use of a resilience scenario.