Paramagnetic Humus and Callophyllum inophyllum for Rehabilitation of Tropical Anthropogenic Deserted Tin-mined Soil

Abstract

Miss-management and over-exploitation of natural resources caused accelerated anthropogenic
desertification of the former tropical ecosystem. Open mining activities exposed toxicity materials
and formed moist degraded desert land that could be the leading cause of severe anthropogenic
local, regional, and global environmental degradation. Moisture deserted land in the tropical
ecosystem has more limiting factors of physical, chemical, and biological soil properties, which are
more dangerous if compared to deserts in temperate regions. Post-mining tin soil conditions have
decreased chemical, physical and biological properties with sand fraction dominance, high acidity,
low cation exchange capacity, low base saturation, low macronutrient content, and high toxicity of
heavy metal. The active paramagnetic humus increased soil fertility Eh, EC, CEC, increasing of
macro-nutrients (N-NH4, N-NH3, av-P, av-K, total-Ca, -Mg, -Na), decreasing of toxicity of
micronutrients (total-Fe, Mn, Zn, B, Cu, Cl, Mo) and heavy metal (total-Pb, Cd, Ti, As, Sn, and Ti) at
all sites. The survival rate of Callophyllum inophyllum (Nyamplung) seedling was high, but their
initial growth was still relatively low. The management of land and biological resources by an
integrated bio-cycle management is an essential strategy for productive and conservative degraded
tropical ecosystems. Technical, socio-culture, and environmental site engineering contributes
significantly to the initial sustainable development of land rehabilitation in a deserted tropical land